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    by Ishtiaq Ahmed & Atul Singh

    FO Talks: Pakistan Is the Garrison State and India Is the Babu State

    Editor-in-Chief Atul Singh and Professor Ishtiaq Ahmed examine why Pakistan evolved into a military-dominated garrison state while India became a bureaucracy-dominated “babu state,” as Atul calls it. Drawing on history, political theory and institutional development, they compare how each country...

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    The Fall of the Ottoman Empire

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    VIDEOS

    FO Talks: Pakistan Is the Garrison State and India Is the Babu State

    Fair Observer

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    The Dialectic: The Mayflower to 1776: An Exciting Time in America

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    Fair Observer Monthly: June 2026

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