Yemen’s protracted civil war — now more than a decade old — continues to reshape the political fabric of the Arabian Peninsula. Since the Iran-aligned Houthi movement seized Sanaa in 2014, the conflict has fractured the country into rival centers of power and competing visions of statehood, creating a landscape that analysts at the Council on Foreign Relations describe as one of the region’s most complex and enduring crises.

Southern power consolidation

Against this backdrop, the Southern Transitional Council (STC) has, in recent weeks, expanded its authority across large parts of southern Yemen, asserting military and security control in key governorates such as Hadramawt and Mahra, according to Reuters. The STC argues that southern regions have suffered decades of marginalization and that their political future should reflect longstanding grievances, a sentiment that echoes historical aspirations predating Yemeni unification in 1990. Observers from Middle East Monitor note that for many in the South, these grievances have taken on fresh urgency as the STC solidifies its administrative and security influence.

Although the STC maintains that it remains committed to opposing the Houthis, its recent territorial consolidation has raised new questions about Yemen’s trajectory. Analysts cited by AP News caution that the STC’s growing hold over the South may lay the groundwork for a future bid for independence. Such a development would not only upend existing political calculations but also place enormous strain on the Presidential Leadership Council (PLC), the internationally recognized authority formed to unify anti-Houthi forces.

The PLC now faces a profound internal challenge, as its ability to project authority and maintain cohesion is tested by the emergence of overlapping power centers on the ground. The STC is now by far the dominant partner within the PLC.

Houthi resistance to southern ambitions

The Houthis, meanwhile, have made clear through their broader ideological posture — through recent public statements with the specific hard-line language attributed to them — that they reject any move toward southern secession and will reclaim every inch of territory. Analysts at Trends Research & Advisory note that the movement frames its struggle as one for national integrity and sovereignty, rooted in resistance to both fragmentation and external influence.

From the Houthis’ perspective, the rise of a powerful southern political entity would weaken the central state they seek to control, embolden separatist tendencies and undermine their claims to national legitimacy. This presents a genuine challenge to the region and the world, which one would expect would not want to see any further expansion of the Houthis in Yemen.

Regional and international repercussions

Regional observers warn that these shifts in territorial control have wide-reaching implications. Saudi Arabia has urged southern actors to avoid unilateral decisions that could derail efforts to negotiate a nationwide peace framework or divert resources from the broader fight against the Houthis. Diplomats say the regional picture is becoming more complicated as local actors pursue divergent political agendas that no longer neatly align under the umbrella of the anti-Houthi coalition.

For the United Nations and the wider international community, the new realities on the ground present a major challenge. The UN’s diplomatic architecture for Yemen has long depended on assumptions about the cohesion of the internationally recognized government and the possibility of negotiating a comprehensive nationwide settlement. Yet as the political map splinters and competing authorities entrench themselves, these assumptions no longer hold.

Humanitarian access, economic coordination, security reform and ceasefire negotiations all become more difficult when power is fragmented, and state institutions remain contested. International officials quoted by Yahoo News warn that without a unified political framework, economic collapse, localized violence and wider regional instability could intensify.

A country at a crossroads

The developments unfolding in the South mark what Newsweek has described as a potential turning point in Yemen’s civil war. Instead of moving toward reconciliation, the country appears to be drifting into a more entrenched fragmentation: A Houthi-dominated North asserting its authority, a rapidly consolidating STC-led South developing its own political and security architecture, and a weakened PLC struggling to maintain relevance.

Diplomats fear that unless international efforts adapt to the fast-changing landscape — acknowledging both southern aspirations and the realities of Houthi control — Yemen may be heading toward a long-term division that complicates all existing peace initiatives. In these circumstances, one would think that international partners should rethink the peace strategy in accordance with the realities on the ground. 

For now, Yemen stands at a critical juncture. Whether the country moves toward negotiated political compromise or deeper fragmentation will depend not only on the calculations of local actors but on the ability of the international community — and particularly the United Nations — to respond effectively to a conflict that is defined by geography and competing aspirations.

A political vacuum

The absence of the Prime Minister of the internationally recognized government and the Chairman of the Presidential Leadership Council from Aden has created a serious political vacuum in governance, directly affecting citizens’ daily lives and the delivery of public services. This political vacuum risks turning into a service vacuum, with severe consequences for basic governance and public welfare.

In their statement, the STC states that their position is clear: they must return to Aden and engage in dialogue, particularly with the Prime Minister. They need to understand that any negative consequences to the economy and service sector in their absence are their responsibility.

STC is actively working to contain and manage this unfortunate vacuum in order to prevent further deterioration in the economy.

[Kaitlyn Diana edited this piece.]

The views expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.