The War on Terror: 22 Years On

BY: ATUL SINGH & GLENN CARLE

Atul Singh and Glenn Carle explore US entry into the Global War on Terror, shaping 15-year foreign policy.

[{"selector":"#anim-b9a02008-d260-46f2-9848-beaf325b4411","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-cb0fefd0-abf2-42be-b865-7acf7fdb42dc","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(0px, 124.07409%, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-dd31d9ff-4b8f-4346-b2ec-17d01cb5d766 [data-leaf-element=\"true\"]","keyframes":{"transform":["translate(0%, 2.7581644055565207e-7%) scale(0.9090909090909091)","translate(0%, 0%) scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":2000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}]

Taliban sheltered al-Qaeda, 9/11 sparked NATO defense, allies and Northern Alliance ousted Taliban, reshaping Afghanistan.

[{"selector":"#anim-49b6e73e-7ac8-468b-9eb5-0b0bc3d6accb [data-leaf-element=\"true\"]","keyframes":{"transform":["translate(-1.9075121313843255%, 2.7581644055565207e-7%) scale(0.9090909090909091)","translate(0%, 0%) scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":2000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-14187765-2b41-426f-93ba-d5a302b0cbba","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-24d6582f-04de-407b-a043-d77fcbb142fa","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(0px, 120.82081%, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}]

Bin Laden underestimated US, quick allied invasion shattered Taliban, heralding new Afghanistan era in 6 weeks.

[{"selector":"#anim-c95b71f2-becf-4e48-92d1-b33eafe1b1f8 [data-leaf-element=\"true\"]","keyframes":{"transform":["translate(0%, 2.7581644055565207e-7%) scale(0.9090909090909091)","translate(0%, 0%) scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":2000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-6a1848a5-dd02-4454-b822-7830f9249a70","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-e8a2ceeb-ecd1-45de-afe5-0f4cb4688f35","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(0px, 122.47590%, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}]

Bin Laden escaped, prolonging US stay. Taliban-led insurgency. Bush knew nation-building unrealistic. US stuck in Afghanistan.

[{"selector":"#anim-38af64aa-e496-441c-bdba-ddaeb83cdac5 [data-leaf-element=\"true\"]","keyframes":{"transform":["translate(0%, 2.7581644055565207e-7%) scale(0.9090909090909091)","translate(0%, 0%) scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":2000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-e52caf43-db15-46b3-87f3-5f12696dc4f2","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-92d43c32-91a4-4b64-acd9-c646b2b0c8b4","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(0px, 120.82081%, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}]

Carle questions flawed al-Qaeda assessment, intel saw global threat. Secret resistance's control doubted in fragmented Afghanistan.

[{"selector":"#anim-bb97d144-80be-4b35-83bc-65e9ae840319 [data-leaf-element=\"true\"]","keyframes":{"transform":["translate(0%, 2.7581644055565207e-7%) scale(0.9090909090909091)","translate(0%, 0%) scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":2000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-0b67ba7b-6bfb-40f7-9f4b-f9713d44800c","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-8f36ad1f-e8d6-4e4d-8626-c7337491cdd2","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(0px, 120.82081%, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}]

US lacked victory plan, stayed due to terror fears and credibility concerns. Foolish effort, Afghanistan's complexity ignored.

[{"selector":"#anim-b107c9f6-9fae-42f9-8028-7065265ed776 [data-leaf-element=\"true\"]","keyframes":{"transform":["translate(-1.0491316722613744%, -2.506684345227439%) scale(0.9090909090909091)","translate(0%, 0%) scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":2000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-1d751a87-50a5-4ab4-8bea-90c02d35913c","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-45b3d50d-1623-47fe-b3ac-0eff16bedc72","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(0px, 116.61834%, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}]

Iraq diverted resources, hindered Afghan nation-building. Intel missed al-Qaeda's non-state threat, shaping "Global War on Terror."

[{"selector":"#anim-c8f00562-1ddb-46f7-9842-91a56b9b104b [data-leaf-element=\"true\"]","keyframes":{"transform":["translate(-1.9075121313843255%, 2.7581644055565207e-7%) scale(0.9090909090909091)","translate(0%, 0%) scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":2000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-dc51613c-18b2-49c3-868e-3c0f581010d3","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-c78a4f77-9e33-4f00-a22a-1a010ed2ca99","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(0px, 120.82081%, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}]

US acted to protect Israel, create Arab democracy. Iraq outcome miscalculated, better counterterrorism approach needed.

[{"selector":"#anim-d6274e68-094b-4b15-9e22-c3a6b866b548 [data-leaf-element=\"true\"]","keyframes":{"transform":["translate(0%, 2.7581644055565207e-7%) scale(0.9090909090909091)","translate(0%, 0%) scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":2000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-42a2c2ed-4451-473b-b628-aea88befec3f","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-ff6d7bbf-bf48-44d3-b683-04b835ad3963","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(0px, 116.61834%, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}]

CLICK HERE TO READ

[{"selector":"#anim-0c8f76e9-aa30-4a29-8050-6b42a96f94b0","keyframes":{"transform":["scale(1)","scale(1.5)","scale(0.95)","scale(1)"],"offset":[0,0.33,0.66,1]},"delay":0,"duration":1000,"easing":"ease-in-out","fill":"both","iterations":1}]